ENGLAND: THE OTHER WITHIN

Analysing the English Collections at the Pitt Rivers Museum

Artefacts from Yorkshire excavations in the Pitt Rivers founding collection

Alison Petch,
Researcher 'The Other Within' project

Pitt Rivers donated a total of 239 artefacts from Yorkshire of which all but 7 are archaeological rather than ethnographic. The vast majority of these are stone tools (228). In addition there is one stone arrowhead from Rudston, another from Weaverthorpe, and a third from Kirby Grindalyth. The fourth artefact is a model, described in the delivery catalogue (which was compiled when artefacts moved from South Kensington Museum from the University of Oxford) "Model of (wood) of underground structure Langtoft Wold 646/ 12394 Not exhibited 388 to 398". The number associated with this artefact (12394) suggests that Pitt Rivers obtained the model from the Anthropological Institute. It seems clear that this is the model referred to in a short article 'An underground structure at Driffield, Yorkshire, read by 'The Director' on 26 June 1877, published in the Journal of the Anthropological Institute, vol. 7 (1878), pp. 277-279. [NB it is not clear who wrote the report, or who the Director is].

There are a number of different locations from which the stone tools came (number of artefacts in brackets):

North Yorkshire
Ganton Wold (106) [NB there is some double counting between Ganton and Sherburn]
Sherburn (14)
Willerby Wold (14)
Weaverthorpe (7)
Grimston Moor (6)
Richmond (1)
Folkton (1)
East Riding of Yorkshire
Bridlington (18)
Rudston (7)
Fordon (4)
North Burton (5)
Remaining artefacts are unprovenanced except to Yorkshire or to Yorkshire wolds.

Items collected in April 1867

1. 1884.123.262 Accession Book VI entry - 1884.123.1-911 Neolithic and Mesolithic Madelainean etc - 1884.123.262-?283 Scrapers - Small grey scraper, subpyramidal resembling tarté form (2 3/4) Fordon ?Yorks 8.4.67 ALF [Drawing]

2. 1884.123.263 Similar scraper, more finely flaked (c 2 1/2) Willerby Wold Yorks 8.4.67 ALF [Drawing]

3. 1884.123.264 Small rough amorphous scraper (3 3/4) Willerby Wold Yorks 8.4.67 ALF [Drawing]

4. 1884.123.265 Small shallow scraper with flakes radiating from a point (1 1/2) Willerby Wold Yorks 8.4.67 ALF [Drawing]

5. 1884.123.266 Small subpyramidal red-stained grey scraper with fragment of cortex (c 3 1/4) Ganton Wold Yorks 8.4.67 ALF [Drawing]

6. 1884.123.267 Small scraper, no red stain (2 3/4) Ganton Wold Yorks 3.4.67 ALF [Drawing]

7. 1884.123.268 Small scraper, somewhat gabled (1 1/2) Ganton Wold Yorks 1.4.67 ALF [Drawing]

8. 1884.123.269 Small scraper resembling 1884.123.263 (2 3/4) Ganton Wold Yorks 1867 ALF [Drawing]

9. 1884.123.270 Small scraper, high and narrow (2 3/4) Ganton Wold Yorks 2.4.67 ALF [Drawing]

10. 1884.123.271 Small fragment of upper part of scraper, no signs of use uneven bage [?sic] (c 2+) Ganton Wold Yorks n.d [no date] ALF [Drawing]

11. 1884.123.272 Small dark grey scraper resembling 1884.123.265 (2) Ganton Wold Yorks 2.4.67 ALF [Drawing]

12. 1884.123.273 Light grey scraper of similar form [to 1884.123.272] but higher (c 1 1/2) Ganton Wold Yorks 10.4.67 ALF [Drawing]

13. 1884.123.274 Dark grey ?scraper with 2 flattish approximately parallel faces with each a patch of cortex (c 4 3/4) Ganton Wold Yorks 3.4.67 ALF [Drawing]

14. 1884.123.275 Flat-tipped pale grey scraper (c 2) Ganton Wold Yorks 4.4.67 ALF [Drawing]

15. 1884.123.276 Very small nodular flaked scraper (c 2) Ganton Wold Yorks n.d [no date] ALF [Drawing]

16. 1884.123.277 Flint nodule, flaked with marks of battering (3 1/2) Ganton Wold Yorks 1.4.67 ALF [Drawing]

17. 1884.123.278 Larger flint nodule with marks of battering at one place (3 1/2) Ganton Wold Yorks 2.4.67 ALF [Drawing]

18. 1884.123.282 ubtriangular plano-convex arrow-head-shaped flake ?scraper with hinge fracture at butt (4 1/2 long) Yorkshire Wolds ALF [Drawing]

19. 1884.123.331 Flat skew triangular flake implement with spur on one side of curved edge, worked all round (4 1/4) Ganton Wold Yorks [Drawing]

20. 1884.123.349 Spherical grey flint hammer ball with 2 or 3 flake areas not stunned (4 1/2) Ganton Wold Yorks 1867 [Drawing]

21. 1884.123.398 White patinated sub-semi-circular plano-convex scraper (4.4) Ganton Wold 3.4.67 Yorkshire [Drawing]

22. 1884.123.404 Grey flake, long and more or less pointed edge of one possibly worked as a scraper Ganton Wold Apl 2 + 3 1867 Yorkshire [Drawing]

23. 1884.123.405 Grey flake, long and more or less pointed edge of one possibly worked as a scraper Ganton Wold Apl 2 + 3 1867 Yorkshire [Drawing]

24. 1884.123.406 Grey flake, long and more or less pointed edge of one possibly worked as a scraper Ganton Wold Apl 2 + 3 1867 Yorkshire [Drawing]

25. 1884.123.407 Similar [to 1884.123.404-6] thicker hollow curved flake scraper with rounded end and one worked edge (c 5) Ganton Wold 2.4.67 Yorkshire [Drawing]

26. 1884.123.409 Thin narrow grey flake Willerby Wold Yorks 1867 [Drawing]

27. 1884.123.410 Small plano-convex bulb with a point (2 1/2) Willerby Wold Yorks 6.4.67 [Drawing]

28. 1884.123.411 Rounder end of a broken long flake of red brown chert Grimston Moor 10.4.67 [Drawing]

29. 1884.123.416 Flat suboval grey pink flake with worked edge and shaped point (?broken) one end (6.6) Willerby Wold Yorks ALF 1.4.67 [Drawing]

30. 1884.123.419 Slender curved brownish grey flake, pointed Ganton Wold 2.4.67 Yorkshire [Drawing]

31. 1884.123.420 Slender curved brownish grey flake Ganton Wold 2.4.67 Yorkshire [Drawing]

32. 1884.123.466 Thin roughly flaked (with bad splintered break) ovate end scraper, flaked both sides (c 7 1/2) Willerby Wold Yorks 8.4.67 ALF [Drawing]

33. 1884.123.475 Very small grey flint globular hammerstone, signs of use (5 cm max diam) Willerby Wold Yorks 7.4.67 ALF [Drawing]

34. 1884.125.7 Accession Book VI entry - 1884.125.1-415 Neolithic implements - Plano-convex somewhat mussel-shaped glue-coloured flint side scraper (c 4 1/2) Ganton Wold Yorks 1.4.67 [Drawing]

35. 1884.125.10 Squared plano-convex thick flint flake, double end scraper, edged on 3 sides (3 3/4) Ganton Wold Yorks ALF 3.4.67 [Drawing]

36. 1884.125.11 Tongue-shaped silver-grey flint, end scraper, plano-convex (5 1/4) Ganton Wold Yorks ALF ?1.4.67 [Drawing]

37. 1884.125.16 Subtriangular grey small flake, one side curved, one edge worked, ?scraper (3) Ganton Wold 2.4.67 [Drawing]

38. 1884.125.18 Elongated narrow high-backed triangular-sectioned plano-convex silver-grey flint point, ?scraper (6) Ganton Wold [Drawing]

39. 1884.125.19 Small pistol-shaped flaked nodule, signs of abrasion on ball end (c 5 1/4) Ganton Wold 1867 [Drawing]

40. 1884.125.47 .1 - ? Tin 4 oz tobacco box (oblong) containing flakes from Ganton Wold Yorks c 1867 - 8 [Drawing]

41. 1884.125.138 Small brown grey subquadrangular flake with expanded bevelled edge and rounded corner worked along one side, ?hollow scraper (4) Ganton Wold [Drawing]

42. 1884.128.36 Accession Book VI entry - 1884.128.1-84 Modern Stone Implements Mullers etc Pestles Mullers contd [sic] - 1884.128.29-41 Modern Stone implements Blunt-edged celts rude stone hammers mullers rubbers pounders - Suboval red weathered pink ?quartzite pebble with small end and sides battered by use (8) Sharp Howe Folkton Wold Yorks 6.4.67 [Drawing]

43. 1884.131.26 Accession Book VI entry - 1884.131.1-60 Stone 'Implements' Cores - A small dark grey flint core pyramidal (1.8) Willerby Wold Yorks 6.4.67 [Drawing]

44. 1884.131.27 Flint core, subquadrangular (3) Grimston Moor 14.4.67 [Drawing]

45. 1884.131.28 Small grey flint core (subpyramidal) (2.9) Ganton Wold Ap 2 1867 [Drawing]

46. 1884.131.29 Small grey flint core (subpyramidal) (3.1) Ganton Wold Ap 5 1867 [Drawing]

47. 1884.131.30 Small grey flint core (c 3) Ganton Wold Ap 5 1867 [Drawing]

48. 1884.131.31 Small grey flint core (3 1/2) Ganton Wold Ap 6 1867 [Drawing]

49. 1884.132.70 Accession Book VI entry - 1884.132.1-405 Stone Implements Flakes - Small ridge-backed grey flake, cortexed face (6.3) Ganton Wold Apl 1867 [Drawing]

50. 1884.132.71 Small ridge-backed grey flake, cortexed face (6.5) Ganton Wold Apl 1867 [Drawing]

51. 1884.132.72 Small ridge-backed grey flake, cortexed face (4.7) Ganton Wold Apl 1867 [Drawing]

52. 1884.132.73 Small ridge-backed grey flake, cortexed face (4) Ganton Wold [Drawing]

53. 1884.132.74 Narrow thick flake, pale brown and grey-blue, high-backed and tapering to blunt point (7.3) Ganton Wold Apl 1867 [Drawing]

54. 1884.132.75 Narrow thick flake, pale brown and grey-blue, high-backed and tapering to blunt point (6.5) Ganton Wold Apl 1867 [Drawing]

55. 1884.132.76 Narrow thick flake, pale brown and grey-blue, high-backed and tapering to blunt point (6.5) Ganton Wold [Drawing]

56. 1884.132.77 Curved pointed flake, ridge and concave longitudinally mottled brown (5.6) Ganton Wold Apl 1867 [Drawing]

57. 1884.132.78 Curved pointed flake, ridge and concave longitudinally blue grey (4.3) Ganton Wold [Drawing]

58. 1884.132.79 Grey flake, subrectangular (7.3) Ganton Wold Ap 1867 [Drawing]

59. 1884.132.80 Grey flake, skew (blunt) pointed and of oval type (6.5) Ganton Wold Ap 1867 [Drawing]

60. 1884.132.81 Very small grey flake, suboval (2.1) Ganton Wold Ap 1867 [Drawing]

61. 1884.132.82 Very small grey flake, suboval (2.8) Ganton Wold [Drawing]

62. 1884.132.83 Very small grey flake, blunt-pointed (3.1) Ganton Wold [Drawing]

63. 1884.132.84 Very small grey flake, suboblong (4 1/2) Ganton Wold [Drawing]

64. 1884.132.88 Small narrow gable-ridged flake with brown cortex along one face (4 1/2 cm) Willerby Wold 6.4.67 [Drawing]

65. 1884.132.116 Flake of grey flint, small thick suboval plano-convex fluted (4.9) Ganton Wold Apl 1867 [Drawing]

66. 1884.132.117 Flake of grey flint, narrow curved subquadrangular and flat-backed and bevelled each side (7) Ganton Wold Apl 1867 [Drawing]

67. 1884.133.7 Accession Book VI entry - 1884.133.1-235 Stone Implements Worked Flakes Scrapers - Large flake with cortex at one end (8.6) Willerby Wold 8.4.67 [Drawing]

68. 1884.133.9 Wider [than 1884.133.8] large flake with rounded base angles and straightish bevel end between them (5.6) Willerby Wold 8.4.67 [Drawing]

69. 1884.133.65 Rough scraper, worked along one side, the other with fractured sinus below tip and covered with strip of cortex (5.1) Ganton Wold 4.4.67 [Drawing]

70. 1884.133.66 Discoidal oval worked all round (3.2) grey flint Ganton Wold 2.4.67 [Drawing]

71. 1884.133.67 Discoidal suboval with cortex strip on one side, bevelled at the end (4.2) grey flint Ganton Wold 2.4.67 [Drawing]

72. 1884.133.178 Small thick thick [sic] scraper of dark grey flint (2.9) Grimston Moor 19.4.67 [Drawing]

73. 1884.133.179 Small thick thick [sic] scraper of dark grey flint (2.2) Grimston Moor 19.4.67 [Drawing]

74. 1884.133.183 Discoidal light grey scraper, small type thin (2 1/2) Pordon [sic] Ap 6 and 8 1867 [Drawing]

75. 1884.133.184 Discoidal light grey scraper, small type tortoise form (2.8) Pordon Ap 6 and 8 1867 [Drawing]

76. 1884.133.185 Discoidal light grey scraper, larger and thick [than 1884.133.184] (3.3) Pordon Ap 6 and 8 1867 [Drawing]

77. 1884.133.189 Sub-horseshoe-shaped grey flint scraper with hollow top and worked all round it large bulb (c 3 1/2) Ganton Wold 1867 [Drawing]

78. 1884.133.190 Flat subcircular scraper with jagged edge of grey flint (c 4) Ganton Wold 1867 [Drawing]

79. 1884.133.191 Small scraper of flat type, grey with worked bevel and finely fluted top (2.8) Ganton Wold 1867 [Drawing]

80. 1884.133.192 Small scraper of flat type, a wedge flake of pinkish pebble slightly worked (2.9) Ganton Wold 1867 [Drawing]

81. 1884.133.193 Small scraper of discoidal form, thick tortoise form worked nearly all round dark grey (3.1) Ganton Wold 1867 [Drawing]

82. 1884.133.194 Small scraper of discoidal form, thick tortoise form worked nearly all round grey brown (3.5) Ganton Wold 1867 [Drawing]

83. 1884.133.195 Flatter rather rough scraper of grey flint, smooth with hinge fracture (2.5) Ganton Wold 1867 [Drawing]

84. 1884.133.196-198 Flatter rather rough scraper of grey flint (c 3.6-4.0) Ganton Wold 1867 [Drawing]

85. 1884.133.199-200 Small thick scraper of grey flint, jagged surface (2.1-2.3) Ganton Wold 1867 [Drawing]

86. 1884.133.201 Small thick scraper of grey flint, darkest [of 1884.133.199 - 201], more carefully finished (2.4) Ganton Wold 1867 [Drawing]

87. 1884.133.202-204 Small flat scraper, somewhat cockleshell-shaped (2.3-7) Ganton Wold 1867 [Drawing]

88. 1884.133.205 Small flat scraper with cortex on back (2.3) Ganton Wold 1867 [Drawing]

89. 1884.133.206 Small flat scraper with strip [?of cortex] along edge (2.6) Ganton Wold 1867 [Drawing]

90. 1884.133.207-208 Thick dark grey suboval scraper, more or less worked nearly all round (3.0-.1) Ganton Wold 1867 [Drawing]

91. 1884.133.209 Thick dark grey suboval scraper, more or less worked nearly all round with thin cortex patch on top (2.7) Ganton Wold 1867 [Drawing]

92. 1884.133.210 Suboval thin scraper with very flat Y-ridge (3.7) Ganton Wold 1867 [Drawing]

93. 1884.133.211 Suboval thin scraper flat-topped (3.4) Ganton Wold 1867 [Drawing]

94. 1884.133.212 Suboval thin scraper, flat-topped, much smaller than 1884.133.210-11] (2.6) Ganton Wold 1867 [Drawing]

Items collected in October 1867

1. 1884.123.329 Accession Book VI entry - 1884.123.1-911 Neolithic and Mesolithic Madelainean etc - Flake with concave-convex edge, meeting in a lateral hook, convex side worked, concave side bevelled (6 1/4) Bridlington Yorkshire Oct 1867 [Drawing]

2. 1884.123.332 Small subtriangular flat flake implement with straight worked edge opposite a point ?worked concavity (?for scraping) on one side of point (2 2/3) Rudston Yorks 20.10.67 [Drawing]

3. 1884.123.336 Small flat white flake arrowhead, lozenge-shaped, worked all round (3 1/2) Rudston Yorks [Drawing]

4. 1884.123.337 Small flat finely-pointed kite-shaped flake arrowhead with rounded base, finely worked (3) Weaverthorpe Yorks [Drawing]

5. 1884.123.348 Discoidal black flint pebble with flat flaked sides, ?fabricator (4) Bridlington Yorks Oct 1867 [Drawing]

6. 1884.123.400 Rich chocolate-red coloured ?chert fine flake, somewhat celt shaped at the thin end (4 1/3) Bridlington Oct 1867 [Drawing]

7. 1884.123.452 Flat pale grey flake scraper with 2 straight edges and curved side, all worked except one edge (butt) with patch of cortex at the curved side of surface (3 1/2) Sherburn Oct 1867 [Drawing]

8. 1884.123.465 Skew-suboval dark flint scraper, biconvex, semicircular scraper-type, piece of cortex one side Bridlington Oct 1867 (width 6) [Drawing]

9. 1884.125.4 Accession Book VI entry - 1884.125.1-415 Neolithic implements - Subrectangular piece of a large dark grey flaked fabricator (4.2 cm) Bridlington Yorks [Drawing]

10. 1884.125.5 Subtriangular nozzle-ended plano-convex white patinated flake, ?saw, finely serrated on one side Bridlington Yorks Oct 1867 (5) [Drawing]

11. 1884.125.12 End of a dark grey flint fabricator, flaked all over, tongue-shaped at the tip (c 4 3/4) Bridlington Oct 1867 [Drawing]

12. 1884.125.17 Flat tongue-shaped grey plano-convex flake, worked along both edges (4 1/2) Bridlington Oct 1867 [Drawing]

13. 1884.127.116 Accession Book VI entry - 1884.127.1-143 'Modern' stone etc implements Hammers Axe heads - 1884.127.107-143 Globular hammerstones and ?fabricators - Subspherical ball of brown ?sandstone (6.7) Yorkshire Wolds [no drawing]

14. 1884.127.119 Rough flaked nodule of greyish flint (c 5 1/2 7 1/2) Bridlington Yorkshire [Drawing]

15. 1884.127.142 Lop-sided barrel-shaped muller of light brown sandstone, ends ?pecked or ?battered with use (11.8) Bridlington Yorks [Drawing]

16. 1884.132.85 Accession Book VI entry - 1884.132.1-405 Stone Implements Flakes - Long narrow ridge gabled flake, longitudinally flaked edges corrugated (7.6) Weaverthorp Yorks Oct 1867 [Drawing]

17. 1884.133.62 Accession Book VI entry - 1884.133.1-235 Stone Implements Worked Flakes Scrapers - Scraper of brownish grey white speckled flint, circular (2.9) Bridlington 1867 [Drawing]

18. 1884.133.64 Pointed oval scraper of grey flint (5.6) Bridlington Oct 1867 [Drawing]

19. 1884.133.67 Discoidal suboval with cortex strip on one side, bevelled at the end (4.2) grey flint Ganton Wold 2.4.67 [Drawing]

20. 1884.133.68 Grey flint discoidal, roughly worked (4.4) North Burton Yorks 20.10.67 [Drawing]

21. 1884.133.186 Flat mottled dark grey and white scraper (3.6) Bridlington Oct 1867 [Drawing]

22. 1884.133.187 Thicker [than 1884.133.186] pale grey scraper, pale orange film on back (3.2) North Burton 20.10.67 [Drawing]

23. 1884.133.188 Small dark putty-grey scraper with large bulb surface, flat with strip of brown cortex (c 2.2) Rudstone [sic - Rudston] 10.10.67 [Drawing]

24. 1884.133.232 Subquadrangular (almost square) silver grey flint end scraper (3 1/2) Sherburn Yorks Oct 1867 [Drawing]

25. 1884.135.25 Accession Book VI entry - 1884.135.1-393 Stone Implements Arrow heads of flint etc - Small leaf-shaped arrowhead, cream patinated Bridlington (2.3) Yorkshire Wolds In small black glass topped box [Drawing]

26. 1884.135.26 Small leaf-shaped arrowhead, grey translucent Bridlington (2.4) Yorkshire Wolds 1884.135.26-30 In small black glass topped box [Drawing]

27. 1884.135.27 Small leaf-shaped arrowhead, grey brown (2.9) Rudston Yorkshire Wolds 20.10.67

28. 1884.135.28 Small leaf-shaped arrowhead, milky white (2.7) Rudston Yorkshire Wolds 20.10.67

29. 1884.135.29 Leaf-shaped arrowhead brown and marbled white and grey of long pointed narrow leaf form (3.2) Weaverthorp Yorkshire Wolds

30. 1884.135.30 Leaf-shaped arrowhead round-based with long cusped point (4.3) Weaverthorp Yorkshire Wolds

31. 1884.135.33 Large bluish white patinated lozenge-shaped arrowhead (c 4.6) North Burton Yorkshire Wolds 20.10.67 In small black glass topped box [Drawing]

32. 1884.135.41 Triangular arrowhead of grey flint made of a flake, worked on convex side (2.8) Weaverthorp Yorkshire Wolds 1867 [Drawing]

33. 1884.135.50 Large long pointed triangular arrowhead of smoky brown flint worked over both faces (one barb broken) (4) Weaverthorp Yorks [Drawing]

34. 1884.135.51 Small dark grey triangular arrowhead, point and tang broken, barbs small and pointed (2.3) Rudston Yorks [Drawing]

35. 1884.135.53 Small triangular barbless grey flint arrowhead with small pointed tang (2.2) Rudston Yorkshire Wolds [Drawing]

36. 1884.135.54 Small arrowhead with small barbs and broken tang (2.3) Burton Yorks Wolds 1867 [Drawing]

37. 1884.135.344 Suboval arrowhead, white patinated (point broken) smaller than 1884.135.345 Bridlington Oct 1867 [Drawing]

38. 1884.135.345 Suboval arrowhead, brownish grey chert with wide point, larger than 1884.135.344 Bridlington Oct 1867 [Drawing]

39. 1884.135.347 Suboval arrowhead Bridlington Yorks [Drawing]

Items from Greenwell in the Pitt Rivers' founding collection

There are a number of items in the founding collection from Greenwell, the following descriptions are taken from the PRM's accession registers (NB the figures in round brackets are measurements). Items 1-2 do not have specific geographical provenances, 3-7 are from Ganton or Sherbrough [actually probably Sherburn] Wolds in North Yorkshire.

1. Neolithic and Mesolithic Madelainean etc - Plano-convex hollow curved finger-shaped creamy grey flake worked all round (except butt) (c 6) Yorks Greenwell coll. [1884.123.417]

2. Neolithic and Mesolithic Madelainean etc - Small elongated grey plano-convex flake, expanded and pointed, worked along one edge (c 4 1/4) Yorks Greenwell coll. [1884.123.418]

3-7 introduction to accession book descriptions 1884.133.1 - 235 Stone Implements Worked Flakes Scrapers W Gallery Case 13 - 1884.133.169 - 212 Small wooden tray containing 45 [45 above crossed out and 44 added in pencil] small round scrapers (old label card 'Ganton and Sherbro' Wolds 1368 2204)' Yorks W Gallery 13th case 3rd drawer contd -

3. Very small scraper (2.3) Yorkshire Greenwell coll. [Drawing][1884.133.173]

4. Very small scraper (2.2) Yorkshire Greenwell coll. [Drawing][1884.133.174]

5. Very small scraper (2.4) Yorkshire Greenwell coll. [Drawing][1884.133.175]

6. Larger scraper [than 1884.133.173-5], very flat both sides and cortexed (3.7) Yorkshire Greenwell coll. [Drawing][1884.133.176]

7. Larger scraper [than 1884.133.173-5], smooth cream coloured (3.5) Yorkshire Greenwell coll. [Drawing][1884.133.177]

Greenwell worked on Ganton Wold Barrows in April 1867 and published an account in his 1877 book 'British Barrows' pp. 170-3. See also I. Kinnes 'British barrows: a unique visual Record?' Antiquity, vol. 51, 1977 no. 201 pp 52-54.

A list of some of the Greenwell collection skulls from the Yorkshire wolds which used to be held in the Department of Comparative Anatomy at the Oxford University Museum of Natural History can be found in 'The Long Barrow and Round Barrow Skulls in the Collection of the Department of Comparative Anatomy, the Museum, Oxford' by E. H. J. Schuster, Biometrika, Vol. 4, No. 3 (Nov., 1905), pp. 351-362.